In 2011, 70% of the procedures involved chondroplasty (smoothing the defect by removing loose strands of cartilage), 28% involved microfracture or subchondral drilling (techniques used to release marrow elements), and only 2% involved the use of advanced cartilage restoration techniques (osteochondral autograft transfer, ACI)
Pregnancy and lactation: not studied
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Further validation of these markers, particularly their specificity and sensitivity across disease stages, is needed to translate them into clinical practice