Key findings include: Upregulation of Shh pathway components in ischemic brain regions Enhanced neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation Improved angiogenesis supporting tissue repair Modulation of blood-brain barrier integrity The Shh pathway activation appears particularly relevant in stroke recovery models, where enhanced neurogenesis and vascular support correlate with functional improvements
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Among them, the glutamate produced by the decomposition of glutamine via GLS not only provides the raw material for the synthesis of GSH but is also further metabolized into -ketoglutarate (-KG) in the mitochondria under the action of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) or transaminases and then enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce ATP [29]
GLP-1RA may act on multiple aging-related factors, including the improvement of insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant effects
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