This pattern occurs consistently when meal timing is irregular or when insulin and leptin signaling are blunted: the brain receives mixed signals, so the hedonic reward centers amplify food cues even while homeostatic inputs are weak

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The apo-form of the GCGR receptor may exist in a closed state as shown by dynamic simulation where the -helix of the ECD is parallel to the plane of the membrane and a conformational change is required to adopt the open glucagon-bound state of GCGR 22
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 11.Samuel VT, Shulman GI
At study end, mice underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) following a 6 h fast